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| Figure1: Business Ethics |
Step 1 is to identify and describe what exactly happen basically to
clearly identify the facts.
Step 2 is to define the conflict or dilemma or else the higher order
value that involves.
Step 3 is to identify gnomes or stakeholders involves in this scenario.
Step 4 is to identify reasonable actions that can be take and what are
the alternative actions are available.
Step 5 as the final stage identifies consequences that can be resulted
from the each alternative that identified in the Step 4. This step can brings
some negative outcome as well to each individual and for organizations.
By evaluating all the above steps ultimately enable peoples to come up with
good set of actions to solve an ethical problem in formal way without creating
any unwanted conflicts.
After discussing above those practicality of business ethics lecturer
moved the discussion to theoretical aspect of business ethics. As the first point,
lecturer stated the definition for business ethics as the study of business
situations, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are
addressed. The organizations come up with code of conduct to put ethics and
practices to its employees and government related consumer agencies guideline
and regulate organizations that sells good and services to consumers in order
to boost up the ethical standards in all areas that involves in business
process. As organizations there are two characteristics to follow in order to
show transparency by telling what organization should be doing and by giving
guidelines and rules to operate and follow. In middle of the discussion
lecturer pointed out the benefits of studying ethics that helps peoples to clearly
identify the differentiate as well as to helps them to do right thing, where as
just studying ethics no one gets ethical until they apply it to actions. Along
with above factors lecturer mentioned ethics are align with social
responsibilities and it’s a win win situation because if person is totally
responsible for activities perform by them the society will respect the
person’s values.
Lecturer specially highlighted 4 concepts of ethics as mention below
Relativism – This consider the consequences that resulting from a
particular action to decide which is wright or wrong and believes that there is
a universal standard where the morality can be judge. By considering the
problems in the relativism lecturer specified that people tried to judge the
persons morality by looking at the society that the person belong to but in
other point of view there are some cross culture factors that belongs to
everyone such as murder, slavery, torture and rape that considered to be unethical.
Egoism - One ought to act in his or her own self-interest because each
person acts according to their own set of interest as well as believes and
goals were shape relevant to that. There can be many laws and policies
accountable to people but people reacts different ways based on their
self-interest. The bottom line is people acts based on their norms and ethics
each person believe.
Utilitarianism – This believes that morals of an action can be determined
by consequences. Using consequences people can determine whether it ethical or
not. There was another interesting fact on Utilitarianism, although the action
was unethical and unjustifiable but the consequence can be ethical. The bottom
line is that utilitarianism believes if the action is considered to be ethical
if it promotes greater good for greater number. In this relationship, action
relates to the cost and the consequences relates to benefits.
Deontologism – This talks about the duty and states that actions are
justifiable based on the actual work.
As the final topic for today, lecturer taught the way to do a Ethical Tests by considering different aspects.
The first way of testing named as legal test as shown in the below diagram (Figure 2).
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| Figure 2: Legal Test |
As illustrated in the above diagram a particular decision can be put into either one of those quadrants based on two dimension ethical and legal. If a particular decision decision falls into Quadrant 1 and Quadrant 4 there is no issue people can take actions but If a particular decision decision falls into Quadrant 2 and Quadrant 3 there is an issues.
The second way of ethical testing named as Benefit Cost Test
This defines whether the befit exceed the cost to whomsoever they accrue. This again based on Utilitarianism law.
The third way of ethical testing named as Light of Day Test
This defines what peoples reaction when the action was brought into open for public scrutiny. Basically the societies point of view.
The forth way of ethical testing named as Do Unto Others Test
This defines that the action of a particular person willing to do can be judge by considering them self as the stakeholder, basically whether a particulate person would like others to do the same thing to themselves.
The last and the fifth way of ethical testing named as Ventilation Test
This defines the process of checking other peoples point of view regarding a particular actions and get their feedback. Depending on the majorities answer, decide it.
Reality of the lecture:
Reality of the lecture:
From this lecture I understood to do an Ethical Analysis for personal life problems as well as for problems occur in businesses environment by giving priority to core consequences where that enables to map the big picture of the problem and open potential ways to solve it. Based on the 4 concepts of ethics and Ethical Tests enables me to look and process any action willing to take or any situation in 360 degree angle by considering the all the aspects relevant to it that enables me to differentiate easy whether the action is Ethical or Not.
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